The law of Targeted Subsidies on energy carriers has been implemented for seven years. There are still many uncertainties about the effectiveness of this law, which has raised many questions for energy economists. One of the main questions in this regard is the estimation of embodied energy subsidy for Net Export of goods and services at the level of the economic sectors that has not been taken into consideration by Iranian researchers. To answer this fundamental question, we measure the Net Exports of embodied energy subsidy for goods and services with using the price-gap approach and applying Iranian Input-Output table for year 2011. In addition, for assuming the differences of embodied energy in unit of Iran’ s imported and Exported commodities, it is measured according to the ratio of the world average energy intensity to Iran’ s energy intensity. The results of this study show that while some sectors of the economy such as basic metals are faced Net Exports of embodied energy, the Net value of the embodied energy subsidy in the content of Exporting goods and services is not consistent with the Net Export of embodied energy, and policy makers cannot employ pricing policies, such as increasing the price of energy carriers, to manage and control the implicit energy subsidy. Accordingly, the government has recommended adjusting the prices of energy carriers in line with international prices as well as improving technology by creating an efficient financing market.

Introduction: The continuous deficit in the non-oil trade balance in Iran has aroused the curiosity of researchers and politicians. Due to its abundant natural resources, Iran is heavily dependent on oil Export revenues, which is not a real productive sector. On the other hand, the global oil market has always experienced instability and sharp fluctuations. The dependence of foreign exchange earnings in the country on oil Exports has caused a drastic transfer of these instabilities to the supply of foreign currency and its market in the economy. This, in turn, has adversely affected the external sector and other macroeconomic variables. This issue has attracted the attention of policymakers to adopt policies to eliminate the trade deficit, especially without dependence on oil. For any acceptable policy in this area, the trade balance function needs to be properly identified. Therefore, this study seeks to estimate the trade balance and the non-oil trade balance with an emphasis on saving rates and economic sanctions by using a nonlinear smooth transition regression model during the period of 1978-2017. Methodology: In trade balance studies, the three variables of real exchange rate, domestic per capita income and foreign per capita income are often used as explanations of the trade balance. In this article, in addition to these variables, the two variables of saving rate and dummy variables for sanctions are considered as effective factors in two separate models for trade balance and non-oil trade balance. In general, there are various reasons for the effect of savings rate on the trade balance, including the direct effects of savings rate on GDP and its indirect effects according to the theory of borrowable funds. According to this theory, with the increase of the saving rate, the supply of funds increases too, which reduces the interest rate. The reduction of interest rates leads to an increase in capital outflows, and, as a result, the demand for domestic money decreases. Thus, the depreciation of the domestic currency leads to cheaper Exports and more expensive imports, which can lead to improved trade balance. Various studies in recent years have shown that the trade balance model can follow a nonlinear process. In this regard, after examining the existence of a nonlinear relationship, the Smooth Transition Regression model is used to investigate the relationship between savings rate and the other determinants of trade balance. Therefore, the following model is estimated in the framework of the STR Method: In this equation, TB is the logarithm of Iran's trade balance, which is estimated in both total and non-oil trade balances in the framework of two separate models. Also, S is the saving rate, y is the logarithm of the domestic per capita real income, wy is the logarithm of the world per capita real income, and t is the dummy variables of sanctions (since Iran has always been sanctioned in the study period, two dummy variables of moderate and strong sanctions are used to measure the level of sanctions). In this equation, is a transition function in the STR models, the values of which vary between zero and one according to the conditions of the economy and determine the nonlinear effect of the variables on the trade balance. Results and Discussion: According to the results, the nonlinearity of both trade and non-oil trade balance models and the instability of the coefficients of the variables in these two models have been confirmed. When the savings rate is changed as a transition variable, the amount and sometimes the direction of the variables’ effect change too. In the first regime, the saving rate in both models had negative effects and, in the second regime, it had positive effects on trade balance. Because savings rates have often been above the threshold for many years, increasing them can lead to an improvement in the trade balance. The real effective exchange rate also had positive effect on both except that in the first regime of non-oil trade balance, but the magnitude of its effect varied in different regimes depending on the type of the trade balance. Thus, for proper policy-making with the real exchange rate tool, it is necessary to pay attention to the goals and conditions of the trade balance model at the same time. The sanctions have had a significant effect on the total trade balance, but they have had no significant effect on the non-oil trade balance. The reason could be the oil nature of most of the sanctions imposed on Iran. Conclusion: One of the most important results of this paper is the confirmation of nonlinear relationships in the trade balance model. Therefore, in order to avoid any error in estimating the effects of the implemented policies, it is necessary to pay attention to the change of coefficients over time and to the conditions of the economy. Increasing savings rates in most periods has led to improved trade balance. By properly directing the savings to production and removing the barriers to investment, the government can increase production and Exports and thus improve the trade balance.

Over the past two decades, trade has been an engine of growth and reduction of poverty.Trade liberalization is a dominant process for integration of developing countries into the world economy. Trade liberalization refers to the removal of government incentives and restrictions from trade between nations.This research studies the impact of trade liberalization on Net Exports of developing and newly industrialized economies. To accomplish this task, we collected a panel data set of 11 countries over 1999-2006. Our sample includes Iran, Chile, China, Brazil, Turkey, South Korea, Tunisia, Malaysia, Indonesia, India, and Mexico. To test the effects of Terms of Trade, real GDP, and the foreign income on Net Export, we use the pooled regression model as the baseline for our comparison. For the period of our study, we find strong evidence that trade liberalization leads to higher Net Exports and overall trade balance.

With increasing competition in the field of marketing, Exports and the efforts of Export companies to capture the market is constantly changing, identifying the factors that affect Export performance increases the benefits of Export companies. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of effective organizational factors (market-oriented, competitorcentered, customer-centric and quality of relationships) on Export performance mediated by companies' Export commitment. The research is descriptive-causal in terms of method. The research community is 80 active Export companies in Khorramshahr. Census method and standard questionnaires were used to collect data. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by content method and convergent and divergent validity and the reliability of the questionnaire was based on Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability. The test of research hypotheses is based on structural equation modeling. The results of data analysis indicate the confirmation of the relationship and correlation between the three factors of market-oriented, customer-oriented and competitor-oriented with Export performance and non-confirmation of the quality of relationships on Export performance. Also, the mediating role of organizational commitment in the relationship between 4 internal factors on Export performance in relationships (except the relationship between relationship quality and performance) was confirmed.

This study is tried to reply this question; would the existence of the strategic alignment in the international marketing domain be caused Export performance improvement? After that a Decision Support System (DSS) about Export strategy alignment is presented. This research from the view of objective is a casual research and because of the research presents a model in the strategic level for Export strategies, it is a developmental research. The study applied in the 100 influential companies which had Export for three years. The level of analysis is organization. The method of data gathering for Export performance is external secondary data (Industrial Management Org. reports about IMI100) and for determining the degree of strategic alignment the strategic reference points (SRP's) theory is applied. The result shows that: (1) Higher Export strategies alignment caused increasing in the Export performance, (2) Fuzzy measurements of strategic alignment and Export performance caused a more accurate statement for reality, (3) In this research the utility of the fuzzy model to present a DSS for management has approved.

Fixed gill Net has been used for Teleostei fishery by the fishermen in Anzali Wetland. The aim of this study was to compare the CPUE, species composition, length frequency and the vulnerability of Teleostei between fixed gill Net and fyke Net from 1st November 2010 to 30st March 2011 in Anzali Wetland. Ten fixed gill Nets and ten fyke Nets were set. Mean CPUE (±SE) was estimated 0.17±0.03 and 0.26±0.07Kg/24h for fixed gill Net and fyke Net, respectively. Mean CPUE differed significantly between two gears. Also mean CPUE (±SE) differed significantly between fixed gill Net and fyke Net for 100m2 with higher CPUE (2.14±0.54Kg/24h) in fyke Net. The relative frequency of caught species in fixed gill Net and fyke Net were dominated by Carassius auratus (38%) followed by Esox lucius (65%), respectively. Length-frequency distributions of the species had greater range of length and weight in fyke Net in relative to fixed gill Net. The amount of damage differed significantly between fixed gill Net and fyke Net with less damage and with higher survival in fyke Net. The results of this study showed that fyke Net has valuable and marketability catch in relative to gill Net that resulted to higher income for fishermen. Also these results demonstrated that fyke Net had less pressure on environment of Anzali Wetland.